Deepening the Action on Salt Reduction in China-suggestions on strategy and implementation plan / 中华预防医学杂志

Excessive sodium/salt intake is the leading dietary risk factor for the loss of healthy life in the Chinese population. The "Healthy China 2030" Action Plan set the goal of reducing salt intake by 20% by 2030. However, salt intake in China is still at a very high level in the world, with adults reaching 11 g/d, more than twice the recommended limit of 5 g/d. The current policies and action plans of China have targeted catering workers, children, adolescents, and home chefs in salt, oil, and sugar reduction actions. However, there are still obvious deficiencies in the coordinated promotion and implementation. This study, therefore, proposed a set of comprehensive strategies (named CHRPS that is composed of communication and education, salt reduction in home cooking, salt reduction in restaurants, reducing salt content in pre-packaged food, and surveillance and evaluation) and key implementation points for further deepening the salt reduction action in China. These strategies were developed based on the main sources of dietary sodium for Chinese residents, the status of "knowledge, attitude and practice" in salt reduction, evidence of effective intervention measures, existing policies and requirements, and the salt reduction strategies of the World Health Organization and experience from some other countries. As a scientific reference, the CHRPS strategies will help the government and relevant organizations quickly implement salt reduction work and facilitate the earlier realization of China's salt reduction goal.

Effect of TSG on GSK3β，PKA and PP2A of APP/PS1/Tau Triple-transgenic Mice Dementia Model / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective:To observe the effect of tetrahydroxy stilbene glycoside （TSG） on the expression of glycogen synthase kinase 3<italic>β </italic>（GSK3<italic>β</italic>）， cyclic adenosine monophosphate-dependent protein kinase （PKA） and Serine/threonine phosphatase 2A（PP2A） in the brain of amyloid precursor protein/presenilin-1/Tau （APP/PS1/Tau） triple-transgenic mice dementia model. Method:A total of forty-five 8-month-old APP/PS1/Tau transgenic mice were randomly divided into model group， positive control group （Huperzine-A， 0.15 mg·kg^-1）， low， medium and high dose TSG groups （TSG， 0.033，0.1，0.3 g·kg^-1）， with 9 mice in each group， and another nine C5B7L/6J mice of the same age were selected as normal control group. After 60 days of intragastric administration， the general structure of hippocampal neurons was observed by hematoxylin-eosin （HE） staining， immunohistochemical （IHC） was used to detect the expression of PKA protein in the brain of mice in each group， the mRNA expression levels of GSK3<italic>β</italic>， PKA and PP2A were detected by real time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction （Real-time PCR）， and protein expression levels of GSK3<italic>β</italic> and PP2A were detected by Western blot. Result:Compared with the normal control group， the apoptosis level of neurons in the model group was significantly increased， the protein and mRNA expression levels of GSK3<italic>β</italic> and PKA were significantly increased （<italic>P</italic><0.05， <italic>P</italic><0.01）， and the protein and mRNA expression levels of PP2A were significantly decreased （<italic>P</italic><0.05， <italic>P</italic><0.01）. Compared with the model group， the apoptosis level of neurons in each treatment group was significantly down-regulated， the protein and mRNA expression levels of GSK3<italic>β</italic> and PKA were significantly down-regulated （<italic>P</italic><0.05， <italic>P</italic><0.01）， and the protein and mRNA expression levels of PP2A were significantly increased （<italic>P</italic><0.05， <italic>P</italic><0.01）. Conclusion:The mechanism of TSG in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease （AD） may be related to lowering the transcription and expression of GSK3<italic>β</italic> and PKA， increasing the transcription and expression of PP2A.

LncRNA-599554 sponges miR-15a-5p to contribute inductive ability of dermal papilla cells through positive regulation of the expression of Wnt3a in cashmere goat

BACKGROUND: Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), as post-transcriptional regulators, were thought to function in the inductive property of dermal papilla cells (DPCs) in cashmere goat. Previously, lncRNA-599554 was identified in secondary hair follicle (SHF) of cashmere goat, but its functional significance is unknown. RESULTS: In the present investigation, we verified that lncRNA-599554 had significantly higher expression at the anagen dermal papilla of cashmere goat SHF than that at telogen. Based on overexpression and knockdown techniques, we found that lncRNA-599554 contributes the inductive property of DPCs of cashmere goat, which was assessed by detecting the changes in the expression of several typical indictor genes in DPCs including ET-1, SCF, Versican, ALP, Lef1 and Ptc-1. Based on RNA pull-down assay, we verified that lncRNA-599554 directly interacted with chi-miR-15a-5p. Also, we showed that lncRNA-599554 positively regulated the Wnt3a expression in DPCs but which did not appear to involve its modulating of promoter methylation. Based on the use of Dual-luciferase reporter assays, our data indicated that lncRNA-599554 regulated the Wnt3a expression through chi-miR-15a-5p-mediated post-transcriptional level. CONCLUSIONS: We showed that lncRNA-599554 contributes the inductive property of DPCs in cashmere goat which might be achieved through sponging chi-miR-15b-5p to promote the Wnt3a expression. The results from the present investigation provided a novel insight into the functional mechanism of lncRNA-599554 in the SHF regeneration of cashmere goat along with the formation and growth of cashmere fiber.

Analysis of 25 (OH) D levels in children aged 0-12 years in Quanzhou area / 中华实用儿科临床杂志

Objective To study the serum level of 25 (OH)D in children aged 0-12 years in Quanzhou,Fujian Province.Methods The clinical data at serum levels of 25(OH) D in children aged 0-12 years old in Quanzhou Women and Children's Hospital were analyzed retrospectively from January 1,2016 to May 31,2017.The nutritional status of vitamin D in children at different genders,age and seasons were analyzed.All the subjects were divided into ＜1 year old group,1-3 years old group,＞ 3-6 years old group,and ＞ 6 years old group.Results A total of 5 830 children aged 0-12 years were included in this study.The serum 25 (OH) D level was (68.85 ± 22.53) nmol/L,and among them there were 4 682 cases (80.31％) of vitamin D abundant,723 cases (12.40％) of vitamin D insufficient,425 cases (7.29％) of vitamin D deficiency,and 0 case of both vitamin D overdose and poisoning.The levels of vitamin D in children in different seasons were different,and the levels of serum 25 (OH) D in summer[(76.20 ± 22.25)nmol/L] were significantly higher than those in other 3 seasons [vitamin D in spring,autumn and winter was (68.35 ±22.08) nmol/L,(62.35 ± 21.88) nmol/L,(66.13 ± 21.78) nmol/L,respectively],and the differences were all statistically significant (all P ＜ 0.01).There was no significant difference in the serum levels of 25 (OH)D in children of different genders in both ＜ 1 year old group and 1-3 year old group [(88.45 ± 28.20) nmol/L vs.(82.60 ± 20.33)nmol/L,(79.28 ± 18.98) nmol/L vs.(78.68 ± 21.80) umol/L] (all P ＞ 0.05),while the levels of which were higher in boys in both ＞ 3-6 years old group and ＞ 6 years old group than those in girls [(64.63 ± 19.53) nmol/L vs.(59.78 ± 17.88) nmol/L,(57.63 ± 16.65) nmol/L vs.(51.00 ± 15.58) nmol/L],and the differences were all statistically significant (all P ＜ 0.01).The levels of serum 25 (OH) D decreased gradually with age [vitamin D in ＜ 1 year old group,1-3 year old group,＞ 3-6 years old group,＞ 6-years old group were (84.08 ± 26.93) nmol/L,(78.43 ± 22.50) nmol/L,(64.43 ± 19.55) nmol/L,(59.20 ± 19.00) nmol/L],and the differences were all statistically significant (all P ＜ 0.01).Conclusions The serum levels of 25 (OH) D in children aged 0-12 years in Quanzhou area are comparatively fine.Vitamin D supplementation in children over 3 years old should not be ignored.

Clinical Observation of 654-2 Acupoint Injection at Zusanli Combined with Shiatsu at Neiguan Acupoint for Colonoscopy Analgesia / 中国中医药信息杂志

Objective To investigate the effects of 654-2 acupoint injection at Zusanli combined with shiatsu at Neiguan acupoint for colonoscopy analgesia. Methods Totally 140 patients underwent colonoscopy were divided into observation group and control group according to the random number table method, with 70 cases in each group. The observation group were given 654-2 acupoint injection at Zusanli (5 mg each side) combined with shiatsu at Neiguan acupoint (the patient to feel the acid, swelling, hemp began to check, until colonoscopy to return to the ileocecum, stop pressing), and the control group were given 654-2 muscle injection (10 mg) 10 min before colonoscopy. The pain scores, checking time and patients'' satisfaction degree of the two groups were compared, and serum beta-endorphin (β-EP) and substance P (SP) level of the two groups before and after examination were compared. Results The pain degrees during colonlscope inserting and passing the sigmoid, splenic flexure of colon of the observation group were significantly lower than those of the control group (P<0.001); testing time was less than that of the control group (P<0.001); patient satisfaction scores were higher than those of the control group (P<0.001); serum β-EP level after examination was higher than that of the control group (P<0.001); SP level was lower than that of the control group (P<0.001). Conclusion 654-2 acupoint injection at Zusanli combined with shiatsu at Neiguan acupoint for colonoscopy analgesia can adjust the serum levels of β-EP and SP, with obvious analgesic effect, which can shorten the testing time.

Outline of the report on cardiovascular disease in China, 2010 / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

Major and profound changes have taken place in China over the past 30 years. Rapid socioeconomic progress has exerted a great impact on lifestyle, ranging from food, clothing, working and living conditions, and means of transportation to leisure activities and entertainment. At the same time, new health problems have emerged, and health services are facing new challenges. Presently, cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are among the top health problems of the Chinese people, and pose a serious challenge to all engaged in the prevention and control of these diseases. An epidemic of CVD in China is emerging as a result of lifestyle changes, urbanization and longevity. Both national policy decision-making and medical practice urgently need an authoritative report which comprehensively reflects the trends in the epidemic of CVD and current preventive measures. Since 2005, guided by the Bureau of Disease Prevention of the Ministry of Health of the People's Republic of China and the National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases of China, nationwide experts in the fields of epidemiology, clinical medicine and health economics in the realms of CVD, cerebrovascular disease, diabetes and chronic kidney disease, completed the Report on Cardiovascular Diseases in China every year. The report aims to provide a timely review of the trend of the epidemic and to assess the progress of prevention and control of CVD. In addition, as the report is authoritative, representative and readable, it will become an information platform in the CVD field and an important reference book for government, academic institutes, medical organizations and clinical physicians. This publication is expected to play a positive role in the prevention and control of CVD in China. We present an abstract from the Report on Cardiovascular Diseases in China (2010), including trends in CVD, morbidity and mortality of major CVDs, up-to-date assessment of risk factors, as well as health resources for CVD, and a profile of medical expenditure, with the aim of providing evidence for decision-making in CVD prevention and control programs in China, and of delivering the most authoritative information on CVD prevention and control for all citizens.

Comparative Study on the Efficacy of Tiotropium Bromide Inhalation and Oral Doxofylline Treatment of Moderate to Severe Stable Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease / 华中科技大学学报（医学）（英德文版）

This study compared the efficacy and safety of tiotropium bromide inhalation powder (spiriva) and doxofylline oral tablet (doxofylline) in the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).A multi-center,randomized,double-blind,double-dummy,parallel-controlled study involved 127 eligible stable moderate to severe COPD patients treated with inhaled tiotropium dry powder (18 μg/day) or oral doxofylline tablets (0.2 g/time,2 times a day) for 12 and 24 weeks.Before and after treatment for 12 weeks and 24 weeks,respectively,pulmonary function,6-min walking distance and dyspnea index were recorded.The results showed that in both tiotropium group and doxofylline groups,after 12-week treatment,FEV1,FEV1/FVC％ and 6-min walk distance were significantly higher than those before the medication,while dyspnea index decreased as compared with that before treatment.After 24-week treatment,a slight improvement in the measures was observed as compared with that of 12-weeks treatment,but the difference was not statistically significant.With both 12-week and 24-week treatment,the effect of tiotropium was slightly better than that of doxofylline tablets,with the difference being statistically insignificant.The major adverse events in the tiotropium group and doxofylline group were observed in 9 cases (9.9％) and 12 cases (12.9％),respectively,and no statistically significant difference was found between them.We are led to conclude that both tiotropium at 18 μg a day and doxofylline tablets at 0.2 g/day (two times a day) are effective and safe for the treatment of COPD.

Plasma proteomic analysis in male normotensive, prehypertensive and hypertensive subjects / 中华心血管病杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To compare the plasma proteome among male normotensive, prehypertensive, and hypertensive subjects.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Plasma proteome was analyzed by two-dimensional electrophoresis combined with MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry in this case-control study among well matched male normotensive, prehypertensive and hypertensive subjects (n = 26 each).</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The results showed that there were 22 differentially expressed protein spots among the protein samples derived from the 3 groups which corresponded to 18 proteins associated with inflammation and immunity, lipid metabolism, transport, coagulation and fibrinolysis, cell proliferation and apoptosis, and antioxidation.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Proteins were differentially expressed in male subjects with various blood pressure levels.</p>

Association between the risk factors of cardiovascular diseases and Insulin resistance / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To explore the association between risk factors of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and insulin resistance in a cross-sectional study.Methods An investigation on risk factors of CVD was carried out using stratified-random sampling method among 1475 participants in Beijing.Homeostasis model assessment index(HOMA) was calculated to assess the insulin resistance in 1359 non-diabetic subjects aged 25-64 years.Insulin resistance was defined as HOMA index (fasting glucose in mmol/L×fasting insulin in mU/L/22.5) in the top quartile of the studied population.Results The degree of correlation between risk factors and natural logarithm of HOMA index in descending order were glucose,body mass index (BMI),triglyceride ( TG ),waist circumstance,high density lipoprotein- cholesterol (HDL-C),uric acid,diastolic blood pressure,systolic blood pressure and total cholesterol(TC) (all P＜0.01 ).After adjusting factors as sex and age,glucose (r=0.49),BMI(r=0.44),TG (r=0.44),waist circumstance (r=0.41),uric acid (r=0.33) and HDL-C (r=-0.32),the systolic blood pressure (r=0.20),diastolic blood pressure (r=0.18) and TC (r=0.16) were independently correlated with HOMA index (P＜0.001).Sex(OR=1.75) ,low HDL-C(OR= 1.80),hyperuricemia(OR=2.11 ),high TG(OR=2.14) and central obesity(OR=2.68)appeared to be independently correlated to insulin resistance in multiple logistic regression analysis.Conclusion The risk factors of CVD as low HDL-C,high TG,central obesity and hyperuricemia were independently correlated to insulin resistance.

Relationship between serum non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and incidence of cardiovascular disease / 中华心血管病杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To evaluate the relationship between serum non-HDL-C and incidence of various cardiovascular disease (CVD) in Chinese population aged 35-64 years.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>This prospective study was performed from 1992 to 2004 in 11 provinces of China and the association between baseline non-HDL-C level with the risk of various CVD events was analyzed in 29 937 subjects aged 35-64 years using Cox multivariate proportional hazards regression. CVD events in this study including acute coronary events (ACE), ischemic stroke, hemorrhagic stroke and ischemic cardiovascular disease (ICVD).</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>(1) Adjusted for age, gender, smoking status, diabetes, body mass index and blood pressure, the relative risk of ACE, ischemic stroke and ICVD in groups of non-HDL-C 3.37 - 4.13 mmol/L (130 - 159 mg/dl), 4.14 - 4.91 mmol/L (160 - 189 mg/dl) and ≥ 4.92 mmol/L (190 mg/dl) was 1.24 (0.91 - 1.70), 1.78 (1.25 - 2.53), 2.23 (1.48 - 3.35); 1.34 (1.07 - 1.68), 1.38 (1.04 - 1.83), 1.38 (0.97 - 1.94) and 1.37 (1.12 - 1.63), 1.52 (1.22 - 1.90), 1.70 (1.30 - 2.22), respectively. The risk of hemorrhagic stroke was declined obviously in group > 4.92 mmol/L (190 mg/dl). (2) The correlation between VLDL-C and ACE was the strongest in four CVD events when VLDL-C and LDL-C were joint analyzed, ICVD events ranked the second. The risk for ischemic stroke also borderline increased with increasing VLDL-C and LDL-C (P > 0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Increased non-HDL-C is associated with increased risk of suffering ACE, ischemic stroke and ICVD and VLDL-C plays a critical role in the development of ICVD events, especially ACS, in middle aged Chinese population.</p>

Incidence risk of cardiovascular diseases associated with specific combinations regarding the metabolic syndrome components / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To investigate the risk of cardiovascular diseases(CVD)incidence related to different combinations of the metabolic syndrome(MS)components.Methods A total of 30 378 subjects aged 35 to 64 years were recruited from 11 provinces in a Chinese Multi-provincial Cohort Study and of Dyslipidemia for Chinese Adults',issued in 2007.CVD incidence rates and relative risks(RR)were estimated by different MS components and by their various combinations.Results (1)According to the new criteria.the prevalence of MS was 11.8% for Chinese middle-age adults.The prevalence was 12.4% in men,significantly higher than that in women(9.0%).(2)Risk of CVD increased in proportion to the number of MS components after adjusting for other risk factors.If only 1 component was present,elevated blood pressure was the only significant predictor of CVD.When 2 components were present.5 of the 10 combinations were associated with significantly higher risk.All combinations with≥3 components(MS)had significant contribution except for those rare traits(＜0.5% of the whole sample).Among the 16 combinations of≥3 components.the feature of"central obesity and elevated blood pressure"was found in all the 7 combinations with the highest risk.Conclusion CVD risk associated with various number and combinations of MS components seemed to be heterogeneous.The clustering of≥3 disorders,especially those with central obesity and elevated blood pressure could significantly predict the future development of CVD.

The association between white blood cell count and 10-year cardiovascular risk in a large Chinese cohort aged 35-64 years / 中华心血管病杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To evaluate the association between white blood cell count and the risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) in subjects aged 35 - 64 years.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>This prospective study was carried out in 11 provinces from 1992 to 2003. The association of baseline white blood cell count and cardiovascular disease occurrence was analyzed in 30 384 subjects aged 35 - 64 years using Cox multivariate proportional hazards regression.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>(1) Compared with the group of 4.0 - 4.9 x 10(9)/L, multivariate-adjusted relative risk of ischemic cardiovascular disease (ICVD, including coronary heart disease and ischemic stroke) increased continuously in proportion to increased white blood cell count. (2) White blood cell count had different impact on different types of CVD. Positive association was observed between white blood cell count and the risk of ischemic stroke, but the relationship between white blood cell count and the risk of hemorrhagic stroke was not significant. Compared with the referent group (4.0 - 4.9 x 10(9)/L), the risk of coronary heart disease of the group of white blood count > 9.0 x 10(9)/L increased by 70% (RR = 1.71, P < 0.05) and that of ischemic stroke increased by 80% (RR = 1.85, P < 0.01).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The risk of ICVD and CVD increases continuously in proportion to increased white blood cell count, the white blood cell count might be used to predict future risk of CVD, especially risk for ICVD.</p>

Predictive value of combined measurements of body mass index and waist circumference for the risk of cardiovascular disease / 中华心血管病杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To evaluate the predictive value of the combined measurements of body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) for the risk of cardiometabolic diseases (including diabetes, hypertension, and dyslipidemia) and ischemic cardiovascular disease.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>A total of 30,378 Chinese people from 11 provinces were studied in this prospective study conducted from 1992 to 2003. Multivariable logistic and Cox regression were used respectively to determine the predictive value of WC for cardiometabolic diseases and ischemic cardiovascular disease within each BMI categories.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>(1) The prevalence of obesity were 10% defined by BMI. Among them, 76.4% had abdominal obesity defined by WC. The prevalence of abdominal obesity was 17.5% by WC categories, and 43.4% of them were classified as obesity by BMI. (2) The prevalence rates of cardiometabolic diseases were higher in individuals with elevated WC within each BMI category. (3) Compared with subjects with normal BMI and WC, the risk of ischemic cardiovascular disease increased by 38% (RR = 1.383, 95% CI 1.083 - 1.765) in overweight subjects with elevated WC and by 57% (RR = 1.570, 95% CI 1.226 - 2.010) in obese subjects with elevated WC.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Combined measurements of BMI and WC provide a better prediction for the risk of cardiometabolic diseases and ischemic cardiovascular disease.</p>

Serum triglyceride is an independent risk factor for acute coronary heart disease events in 35 - 64 years old Chinese-Chinese Multi-provincial Cohort Study / 中华心血管病杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To evaluate the association between serum triglyceride (TG) and the cardiovascular diseases (CVD) risk in Chinese population.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A total of 30, 378 men and women aged 35 - 64 years old were recruited in the Chinese-Chinese Multi-provincial Cohort Study (CMCS). The serum TG and other CVD risk factors were measured. All subjects were followed up annually or biannually for acute CVD events from 1992 to 2004. A Cox regression model was established to identify the association between TG and risk of CVD events.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The accumulative incidence rate of acute coronary heart disease (CHD) events increased from 62.6/100 000 in the low TG groups to 168.4/100 000 in the high TG group divided by the quartile. TG was identified as an independent risk factor for CHD after adjustment for the confounding risk factors by a Cox regression model. Compared subjects with TG < 0.81 mmol/L, CHD risk increased 81% and 59% in subjects with TG 1.15 - 1.59 mmol/L and TG >/= 1.60 mmol/L, respectively (all P < 0.05). There was no significant association between TG level and the risks of hemorrhagic and ischemic stroke events (P > 0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Serum TG is an independent risk factor for acute CHD events in Chinese population aged 35 - 64.</p>

Cut offs and risk stratification of dyslipidemia in Chinese adults / 中华心血管病杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To establish cut offs and risk stratification of dyslipidemia in Chinese adults.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Data from 2 widely cited studies: the PRC-US Collaborative Study of Cardiovascular and Cardiopulmonary Epidemiology and the China Multi-Provincial Cardiovascular Cohort Study, with a total of 40 719 Chinese adults, age 35 to 64 at baseline, about half men and half women, followed up for a total of 345 140.5 person years, were used to analyze the relationship between dyslipidemia and ischemic cardiovascular diseases (ICVD, including coronary heart events and ischemic stroke events) using a common data analysis protocol co-developed by the scientists from the 2 studies. The relative risk was estimated with the Cox proportional hazard model adjusting for other conventional cardiovascular risk factors. The 10-year absolute risk of ICVD for a 50 years-old person at different risk factor combinations was used to develop the risk stratification.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>(1) There was a continuous linear relationship between baseline TC (or LDL-C) and ICVD risk without a threshold; (2) The incidence (absolute risk) of ICVD was similar for LDL-C < 3.37 mmol/L (130 mg/dl) and for TC < 5.18 mmol/L (200 mg/dl); and similar for LDL-C < 4.14 mmol/L (160 mg/dl) and for TC < 6.22 mmol/L (240 mg/dl); (3) The absolute ICVD risk for TC > or = 6.22 mmol/L (240 mg/dl) was slightly less but close to that for grade 1 hypertension; (4) ICVD risk increased as HDL-C decreased; (5) No significant association was found between baseline TG and subsequent ICVD; (6) At any TC level, the absolute ICVD risk for those having only hypertension was higher than that for those having 3 other risk factors.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The cut offs for diagnosis of dyslipidemia in Chinese adults can refer to those used in relevant international guidelines: TC < 5.18 mmol/L (200 mg/dl) [or LDL-C < 3.37 mmol/L (130 mg/dl)] as normal, TC 5.18 - 6.19 mmol/L (200 - 239 mg/dl) [or LDL-C 3.37 - 4.12 mmol/L (130 - 159 mg/dl)] as borderline high, and TC > or = 6.22 mmol/L (240 mg/dl) [or LDL-C > or = 4.14 mmol/L (160 mg/dl)] as high; HDL-C < 1.04 mmol/L (40 mg/dl) as low, 1.04 - 1.53 mmol/L (40 - 59 mg/dl) as normal and > or = 1.55 mmol/L (60 mg/dl) as optimal. In risk stratification scheme, hypertension plays a role that equals to that of any other 3 risk factors.</p>

Increased plasma vasoactive substances and antioxidant enzymes levels in prehypertensive patients / 中华心血管病杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>This study investigates the plasma vasoactive substances and antioxidant enzymes levels in prehypertensive patients.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Patients were scruited according to JNC-7 and divided into three groups: 74 normotensive subjects (NT group, 38 males, mean age 47.15 +/- 7.77 years old); 51 prehypertensive patients (PH group, 29 males, mean age 47.82 +/- 5.16 years old) and 71 essential hypertensive patients (EH group, 37 males, mean age 48.25 +/- 7.97 years old). Serum lipids and plasma angiotensin II (Ang II), endothelin (ET), vasopressin (AVP), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), nitric oxide synthase (NOS), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) by radioimmunoassay and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Serum Lipids (TG, CHO and LDL) were significantly higher in the PH and EH groups compared to NT group (all P < 0.05). Ang II, AVP and ET were significantly increased while CGRP decreased in the EH group than that in NT group (all P < 0.05). SOD was significantly lower while GPX significantly higher. Further more, in the PH and EH groups than those in the NT group (all P < 0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>SOD was reduced and GPX increased in prehypertensive patients.</p>

A cross-sectional study on cognitive function and influencing factors in patients with hypertension / 中华流行病学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To compare the differences of cognitive functions in patients with hypertension and normotensives, and to analyze the primary influencing factors on cognitive functions.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>This was a cross-sectional study carried out in two community populations of Beijing in 2001. The study subjects consisted of 83 hypertensive individuals aged 50-65 years, who were both stroke and dementia-free, the control group was chosen with 83 normotensives who were matched one by one with hypertensive individuals on age, sex, educational level and occupation. Socio-demographic, behavioral, medical history, and physiological data were collected on all participants through interview and medical examination. A comprehensive and computerized neuropsychological battery was administered.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The total score of Basic Cognitive Ability Examination on hypertension (63.62) was worse than that among controls (68.58) with P < 0.01. Mean reaction time of Digit Discrimination of hypertensive (1.25) was longer than controls (1.17) with P < 0.05. The span of Digit Working Memory of hypertensive (4.96) was shorter than controls (5.63) with P < 0.05. The Score of Dual-Word Recognition of hypertensive (12.05) was lower than controls (13.45) with P < 0.01. Educational level, age and hypertension were the primary influencing factors on cognitive function.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Patients with hypertension performed significantly worse than controls on velocity of perception, working memory and word memory. The findings suggested that the prevention of hypertension could protect cognitive function.</p>

Study on the interaction between C-reactive protein and hypertension on the risk of carotid plaque / 中华流行病学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore the interaction of C-reactive protein (CRP) and hypertension on the risk of carotid plaque.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A survey for CVD risk factors and a direct measurement of carotid arteries with B-mode ultrasound imaging were performed in a population consisting of 866 subjects in the Peking university residential community in 2002. Carotid plaque was regarded as the endpoint while elevated CRP and hypertension were treated as the impact factors.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>(1) The partial correlation coefficient of blood pressure levels with CRP quartiles was 0.089 (P = 0.008); (2) The prevalence of carotid plaque in males showed an upward trend with elevated CRP quartiles while male-specific CRP quartile was independently associated with the prevalence of carotid plaque (P < 0.01). (3) The prevalence of carotid plaque in the group of people with both hypertension or elevated CRP was 50.4%, being significantly higher than those in other groups (P < 0.01). (4) When compared with the group of people without hypertension or elevated CRP, the odds ratio increased by 2.0 times in the group of people with both hypertension and elevated CRP (P < 0.01). (5) The odds ratio of interaction between hypertension and elevated CRP was 1.792 (95% CI: 1.189-2.701) (P = 0.005).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>There was an interaction between hypertension and elevated CRP on the rates of carotid plaque prevalence seen in our study. Data also showed that more benefit might be gained from controlling both hypertension and inflammation for preventing plaque.</p>

Association Between Plasma Fibrinogen Concentration and Ten-year Accumulative Risk of Essential Hypertension / 中华高血压杂志

Background Studies showed plasma fibrinogen (FIB) is not only the independent risk factor of cardiovascular disease,but also associated with the prevalence and incidenc of hypertension.A gender difference was shown in the association of FIB with hypertension,while no epidemiological study has been reported in Chinese population.Objective To explore the association between plasma FIB concentration and ten-year accumulative risk of hypertension.Methods A prospective study of relationship between blood pressure and other traditional risk factors were carried out in a cohort of Chinese population of 2115 people aged 35-64 years old in 1992 and 2002. The association of plasma FIB concentration with ten-year accumulative risk of hypertension was analyzed.Results The ten-year accumulative incidence rate of hypertension was 34.8%,and incidence in males (39.3%) was signifi- cantly higher than that in females (31.5%) (P

Risk factors comparison in Chinese patients developing acute coronary syndrome, ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke: a multi-provincial cohort study / 中华心血管病杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To observe the risk factors characteristic of patients developing acute coronary syndrome, ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke in a Chinese population aged 35 - 64 (n = 30 378).</p><p><b>METHOD</b>This prospective study was carried out in 11 provinces in China from 1992 to 2003. The association between baseline risk factors and events in the 10-year follow-up period was analyzed.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>(1) A total of 809 events were recorded during the follow up period and 227 with acute coronary syndrome, 582 with stroke (ischemic 419, hemorrhagic 146, undefined 17) and the 10-year cumulative person-year incidence rates were 114/100,000, 209/100,000 and 73/100,000 for acute coronary syndrome, acute ischemic stroke and acute hemorrhagic stroke, respectively. (2) Rate of having > or = 1 modifiable risk factors was significantly higher in event group than that in subjects without events (89% vs. 64.7%, P < 0.01). (3) Sorted by intensity, the sequence of independently risk factors obtained from multivariate analysis for acute coronary syndrome were hypertension, smoking, hypercholesterolemia and low-HDL-C; for acute ischemic stroke event were hypertension, diabetes, low-HDL-C, smoking and obesity; for acute hemorrhagic stroke was hypertension.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The morbidity for cardiovascular diseases is higher in Chinese population with various traditional risk factors than those without or having fewer traditional risk factors and there are various distinct independent risk factors pattern in patients with different cardiovascular diseases subtypes.</p>